{"id":2857,"date":"2021-10-04T14:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-04T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/destekdukkan.com\/blog\/?p=2857"},"modified":"2021-10-08T16:33:52","modified_gmt":"2021-10-08T13:33:52","slug":"utopyadan-distopya-imparatorluguna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/destekdukkan.com\/blog\/utopyadan-distopya-imparatorluguna","title":{"rendered":"\u00dctopyadan distopya imparatorlu\u011funa"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

En sevmedi\u011fim, daha do\u011frusu anlams\u0131z buldu\u011fum sorulardan bir tanesi de \u015fudur; \u201cBu konuda hangi kitaplar\u0131 \u00f6nerirsiniz?\u201d ya da \u201cOkumak i\u00e7in ne \u00f6nerirsiniz?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e2lbuki okuma eylemi, s\u0131radan ve bir anda yap\u0131labilecek bir eylem de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Okuyacak ki\u015finin, e\u011fitim d\u00fczeyi, sosyo-ekonomik ko\u015fullar\u0131, toplumsal duru\u015fu ve ne yapmak istedi\u011fiyle do\u011frudan ili\u015fkili bir sorudur bu. Elbette cevab\u0131 da bunlara direkt olarak ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ortaokul s\u0131ralar\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok \u00e7ocu\u011fun okuma \u015fevki bu \u015fekilde k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrk tarihini ve d\u00f6nemini bilmeyen bir \u00e7ocu\u011fa Re\u015fat Nuri \u00f6nermek, \u00c7al\u0131ku\u015fu<\/em>\u2019nun sayfalar\u0131nda bo\u011fulmas\u0131na \u00f6nayak olmak demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ki bu travmay\u0131 ben de ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Ortaokulda en nefret etti\u011fim yazar olan Re\u015fat Nuri G\u00fcntekin, \u015fimdiki hayat\u0131mda en de\u011fer verdi\u011fim T\u00fcrk romanc\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u011flam\u0131ndan kopar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f her \u015fey anlams\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7ukurunda kaybolur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zellikle tarihsel ba\u011flam\u0131ndan kopar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f her eser ya anla\u015f\u0131lmaz olacakt\u0131r ya da k\u00f6t\u00fc diye nitelendirilecektir. O y\u00fczden her okuman\u0131n \u00f6nceli tarihi okuma yapmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Okumak, ayn\u0131 zamanda, hem daha \u00f6nceki okuduklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 hem de sonucudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Okumak, kafam\u0131z\u0131n i\u00e7indeki bilgileri tasnif etmektir. Tasnif etmek iyi okuman\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn sizlerle \u00fctopya kavram\u0131 \u00fczerinden tart\u0131\u015f\u0131p, \u00fctopya ile ilgili kitaplar\u0131 konu\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Louis Marin \u00fctopyay\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle tarif ediyor: \u201cTamamen farkl\u0131 bir yere yap\u0131lan yolculuk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesidir. Alans\u0131z bir alan, zamans\u0131z bir an, kurgunun i\u00e7indeki ger\u00e7ektir \u00fctopya.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu saf alanda, ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131 alt edilebilir. Bu bo\u015f alanda art\u0131k kendi ba\u015f\u0131na buyruk ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin h\u00fcsranlar\u0131na yer yoktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u00dctopya tarafs\u0131z isimdir, tarafs\u0131z\u0131n ismidir.\u201d<\/em> diye de ekler Marin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanda, olabileceklere ili\u015fkin s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar, yasaklamalar yoktur. \u00dctopyan\u0131n hedefledi\u011fi yer, hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 ve yan\u0131lg\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde bir yer olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00dctopyan\u0131n arzusu da b\u00f6yle bir \u00e7evreyle birlik, b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7inde olmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00fctopya \u201cher yerin \u00f6tekisi\u201ddir ayn\u0131 zamanda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dctopyan\u0131n ekonomi politi\u011fi<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsan dedi\u011fimiz canl\u0131 asl\u0131nda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsa, ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliyorsa odur. Ne hayal edebiliyorsa odur, yani hayallerinin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 kadard\u0131r insan. Buna d\u00fc\u015flerin ekonomi politi\u011fi diyebiliriz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc her d\u00f6nemin, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n, sistemin kendi insan\u0131 vard\u0131r ve o insanlar\u0131n hayal etme yetenekleri de o toplumun genelinin d\u00fc\u015flerini ve hayallerini yans\u0131t\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir orta\u00e7a\u011f insan\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 hayallerinin de s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131d\u0131r. Kendi k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir hayat\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fleyemeyen insand\u0131r orta\u00e7a\u011f insan\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ke\u015fifler \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n insan\u0131 bilinmezi hayal eder ve i\u015fte tam o s\u0131rada Thomas Moore<\/a> \u201c\u00dctopya\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya atar. Ke\u015fifler \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 insan\u0131, bilinmezi hayal edebilen insan demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki, neden \u00fctopyan\u0131n yerini distopya alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r? Gelece\u011fe umudun kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015fe \u00f6zlemin tavan yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumlar, \u00fctopya de\u011fil distopya \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n hatta t\u00fcm sanat dallar\u0131n\u0131n distopya veya fantazya t\u00fcr\u00fcne kaymas\u0131n\u0131n da elbette bir sebebi var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cViktoryan etik, Marx\u2019\u0131n deyi\u015fiyle, modern insan\u0131n g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayat\u0131n, geceleri g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kabuslar\u0131n nedeni haline gelmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Drakula \u00f6yk\u00fclerinin, Frankenstein \u00f6yk\u00fclerinin yayg\u0131n bir ilgi bulmas\u0131; Poe\u2019nun burjuva interior\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn bir su\u00e7 mekan\u0131 olabilece\u011fini anlatan \u00f6yk\u00fclerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 da bunu g\u00f6steriyor.\u201d<\/em> diyor Y\u0131kanmak \u0130stemeyen \u00c7ocuklar Olal\u0131m<\/em> kitab\u0131nda \u00dcnsal Oskay<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer bir tart\u0131\u015fma konusu da tekno-\u00fctopya tezidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYeni teknolojilerin deneyimlerin alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti\u011fi ve zenginle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek tekno-k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn bir ideal ve ilerleme \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc olarak say\u0131lmas\u0131 isteniyor. Ben de tam tersine, ger\u00e7eklikten ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131 toplumsal olarak kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131ran teknolojik sistem i\u00e7inde bu teknolojileri bir gerileme mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde ele almam\u0131z gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131yorum. G\u00f6rsel deneyimlerin alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletme iddias\u0131na dayanan teknolojik rasyonalizasyonu bir kenara b\u0131rak\u0131p, d\u00fcnyayla kurulan g\u00f6rsel kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan soyut ve k\u00f6k\u00fc \u00e7ok derinlere inen g\u00fcdelere bakmal\u0131y\u0131z.\u201d<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kevin Robins, \u0130maj<\/a><\/em> kitab\u0131nda konuyu uzun uzun yeni g\u00f6rsellik \u00fczerinden tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.  Ve yeni \u201cm\u0131\u015f\u201d gibi hayatlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle tarif ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYeni g\u00f6rsel medyan\u0131n ya\u015fam deneyimlerine engel oldu\u011funu hangi temellere dayanarak tart\u0131\u015fabilirim? D\u00fcnyay\u0131 fark etme bi\u00e7imlerimizi geli\u015ftirmedi\u011fini nas\u0131l iddia edebilirim?\u201d<\/em> diye soruyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve cevab\u0131 ger\u00e7eklikten ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f ve kolektiflikten ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f olarak veriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ama tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 burada kesmek zorunday\u0131m, ba\u015fka bir yaz\u0131da daha da detayland\u0131rabiliriz bu konuyu\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitap \u00f6nerilerime gelince, Thomas Moore\u2019un \u00dctopya<\/a><\/em> kitab\u0131n\u0131, Campenella\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015f \u00dclkesi<\/a><\/em>\u2019ni veya Francis Bacon\u2019un Yeni Atlantis<\/a><\/em> kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nermeyece\u011fim, daha yeni bir \u015feyler \u00f6nermek niyetindeyim. Bir \u00fctopya, bir distopya bir de yine \u00e7izgiroman olarak bir distopya kitab\u0131 \u00f6nerece\u011fim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u00dctopya:<\/strong> M\u00fclks\u00fczler<\/a><\/em> – Ursula K. Le Guin, Distopya:<\/strong> Fahrenheit 451<\/a><\/em> – Ray Bradbury, \u00c7izgiroman:<\/strong> O\u011fullar\u0131n Diyar\u0131<\/em> – Gian Alfonso Pacinotti-(Gipi)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Destek Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 Genel Yay\u0131n Y\u00f6netmeni Ert\u00fcrk Ak\u015fun sizler i\u00e7in “\u00fctopya” ve “distopya” kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015farak yeni kitaplar \u00f6nerdi. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":2869,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[4],"tags":[111,114,116,118,112,117,115,113,110],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/destekdukkan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2857"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/destekdukkan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/destekdukkan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/destekdukkan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/destekdukkan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2857"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/destekdukkan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2857\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2952,"href":"https:\/\/destekdukkan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2857\/revisions\/2952"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/destekdukkan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2869"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/destekdukkan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2857"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/destekdukkan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2857"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/destekdukkan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2857"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}